Overexposure to fluorides causes dental, skeletal, and crippling fluorosis. Population growth and droughts in Kenya recently necessitated the sinking of boreholes to supply drinking water. The water fetched from the boreholes contains a high concentration of fluorides, consequently increasing the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Bone char remains a sustainable adsorbent to remove fluorides from drinking water as it is environmentally friendly, has high efficiency, is easy to use, and is low cost compared to other adsorbents or fluoride removal methods that may be technically non-feasible in rural communities. This study compared the fluoride removal using bovine and goat bone chars. Bovine and goat bone chars were prepared by calcining in a muffle furnace at 400°C and 600°C. Bone chars made at 400°C appeared gray while those made at 600°C appeared darker. Bone char was activated using 1 M H2SO4 at a ratio of 40 ml per 2 g of bone char and a contact time of 24 hours. The activated bone chars also appeared grey. The surface functional groups were examined by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which revealed similar functional groups in both bovine and goat bone char and their activated parts, with notable differences in peak depths. The amount of inorganic materials was determined by portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which showed high concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, S, K, Mn and Ti in decreasing concentrations before and after using H2SO4. The prepared bone chars adsorbed fluorides from a concentration of 2 ppm to below WHO-recommended fluoride limits in 30 minutes, with bovine bone chars removing 66.8% and goat bone chars 61.8% of the initial fluoride concentrations.
| Published in | Advances in Materials (Volume 13, Issue 3) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.am.20241303.12 |
| Page(s) | 46-54 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Adsorption, Bovine Bone Char, Goat Bone Char, Fluoride Adsorption, Fluorosis, Water Defluoridation, Who Fluoride Limits
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APA Style
Otieno, G., Onyango, J. O., Sije, L. O. (2024). A Comparative Study of Fluoride Removal Using Bovine and Goat Bone Chars. Advances in Materials, 13(3), 46-54. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20241303.12
ACS Style
Otieno, G.; Onyango, J. O.; Sije, L. O. A Comparative Study of Fluoride Removal Using Bovine and Goat Bone Chars. Adv. Mater. 2024, 13(3), 46-54. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20241303.12
AMA Style
Otieno G, Onyango JO, Sije LO. A Comparative Study of Fluoride Removal Using Bovine and Goat Bone Chars. Adv Mater. 2024;13(3):46-54. doi: 10.11648/j.am.20241303.12
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Download@article{10.11648/j.am.20241303.12,
author = {Geoffrey Otieno and Joab Otieno Onyango and Lucas Odhiambo Sije},
title = {A Comparative Study of Fluoride Removal Using Bovine and Goat Bone Chars
},
journal = {Advances in Materials},
volume = {13},
number = {3},
pages = {46-54},
doi = {10.11648/j.am.20241303.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20241303.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.am.20241303.12},
abstract = {Overexposure to fluorides causes dental, skeletal, and crippling fluorosis. Population growth and droughts in Kenya recently necessitated the sinking of boreholes to supply drinking water. The water fetched from the boreholes contains a high concentration of fluorides, consequently increasing the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Bone char remains a sustainable adsorbent to remove fluorides from drinking water as it is environmentally friendly, has high efficiency, is easy to use, and is low cost compared to other adsorbents or fluoride removal methods that may be technically non-feasible in rural communities. This study compared the fluoride removal using bovine and goat bone chars. Bovine and goat bone chars were prepared by calcining in a muffle furnace at 400°C and 600°C. Bone chars made at 400°C appeared gray while those made at 600°C appeared darker. Bone char was activated using 1 M H2SO4 at a ratio of 40 ml per 2 g of bone char and a contact time of 24 hours. The activated bone chars also appeared grey. The surface functional groups were examined by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which revealed similar functional groups in both bovine and goat bone char and their activated parts, with notable differences in peak depths. The amount of inorganic materials was determined by portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which showed high concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, S, K, Mn and Ti in decreasing concentrations before and after using H2SO4. The prepared bone chars adsorbed fluorides from a concentration of 2 ppm to below WHO-recommended fluoride limits in 30 minutes, with bovine bone chars removing 66.8% and goat bone chars 61.8% of the initial fluoride concentrations.
},
year = {2024}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - A Comparative Study of Fluoride Removal Using Bovine and Goat Bone Chars AU - Geoffrey Otieno AU - Joab Otieno Onyango AU - Lucas Odhiambo Sije Y1 - 2024/09/29 PY - 2024 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20241303.12 DO - 10.11648/j.am.20241303.12 T2 - Advances in Materials JF - Advances in Materials JO - Advances in Materials SP - 46 EP - 54 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-252X UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.am.20241303.12 AB - Overexposure to fluorides causes dental, skeletal, and crippling fluorosis. Population growth and droughts in Kenya recently necessitated the sinking of boreholes to supply drinking water. The water fetched from the boreholes contains a high concentration of fluorides, consequently increasing the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Bone char remains a sustainable adsorbent to remove fluorides from drinking water as it is environmentally friendly, has high efficiency, is easy to use, and is low cost compared to other adsorbents or fluoride removal methods that may be technically non-feasible in rural communities. This study compared the fluoride removal using bovine and goat bone chars. Bovine and goat bone chars were prepared by calcining in a muffle furnace at 400°C and 600°C. Bone chars made at 400°C appeared gray while those made at 600°C appeared darker. Bone char was activated using 1 M H2SO4 at a ratio of 40 ml per 2 g of bone char and a contact time of 24 hours. The activated bone chars also appeared grey. The surface functional groups were examined by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), which revealed similar functional groups in both bovine and goat bone char and their activated parts, with notable differences in peak depths. The amount of inorganic materials was determined by portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) which showed high concentrations of Ca, P, Mg, Si, Al, Fe, S, K, Mn and Ti in decreasing concentrations before and after using H2SO4. The prepared bone chars adsorbed fluorides from a concentration of 2 ppm to below WHO-recommended fluoride limits in 30 minutes, with bovine bone chars removing 66.8% and goat bone chars 61.8% of the initial fluoride concentrations. VL - 13 IS - 3 ER -
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
School of Chemistry and Material Science, Technical University of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
